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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the concept that the natural processes of living organisms can cause them to develop over time. This includes the creation of new species and the change in appearance of existing ones.

This has been demonstrated by numerous examples, including stickleback fish varieties that can live in saltwater or fresh water and walking stick insect varieties that are apprehensive about particular host plants. These are mostly reversible traits can't, however, be the reason for fundamental changes in body plans.

Evolution by Natural Selection

The evolution of the myriad living creatures on Earth is a mystery that has intrigued scientists for decades. Charles Darwin's natural selection is the most well-known explanation. This process occurs when individuals who are better-adapted have more success in reproduction and survival than those who are less well-adapted. Over time, the population of well-adapted individuals becomes larger and eventually forms a new species.

Natural selection is a cyclical process that is characterized by the interaction of three elements that are inheritance, variation and reproduction. Sexual reproduction and mutations increase the genetic diversity of the species. Inheritance is the passing of a person's genetic traits to his or her offspring which includes both recessive and dominant alleles. Reproduction is the process of producing fertile, viable offspring. This can be done via sexual or asexual methods.

Natural selection is only possible when all these elements are in harmony. For example when an allele that is dominant at a gene allows an organism to live and reproduce more often than the recessive one, the dominant allele will be more prevalent in the population. However, if the gene confers an unfavorable survival advantage or reduces fertility, it will be eliminated from the population. The process is self-reinforcing, which means that an organism with a beneficial trait will survive and reproduce more than an individual with a maladaptive characteristic. The more offspring that an organism has the better its fitness which is measured by its ability to reproduce itself and live. People with desirable characteristics, like having a longer neck in giraffes or bright white color patterns in male peacocks are more likely to survive and have offspring, which means they will eventually make up the majority of the population in the future.

Natural selection only affects populations, not on individual organisms. This is a crucial distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution which holds that animals acquire traits through usage or inaction. For example, if a Giraffe's neck grows longer due to reaching out to catch prey, its offspring will inherit a more long neck. The differences in neck size between generations will increase until the giraffe is no longer able to reproduce with other giraffes.

Evolution by Genetic Drift

In the process of genetic drift, alleles within a gene can be at different frequencies within a population by chance events. Eventually, only one will be fixed (become common enough that it can no more be eliminated through natural selection), and the other alleles drop in frequency. In the extreme, this leads to a single allele dominance. Other alleles have been basically eliminated and heterozygosity has been reduced to a minimum. In a small population, this could result in the complete elimination of recessive gene. This scenario is called the bottleneck effect and is typical of an evolutionary process that occurs whenever a large number individuals migrate to form a population.

A phenotypic bottleneck can also occur when the survivors of a disaster such as an epidemic or mass hunting event, are concentrated in a limited area. The remaining individuals are likely to be homozygous for the dominant allele meaning that they all share the same phenotype and will therefore have the same fitness traits. This situation could be caused by earthquakes, war or even a plague. The genetically distinct population, if left vulnerable to genetic drift.

Walsh, Lewens, and Ariew use a "purely outcome-oriented" definition of drift as any departure from the expected values of variations in fitness. They cite a famous example of twins that are genetically identical and have identical phenotypes and yet one is struck by lightening and dies while the other lives and reproduces.

This kind of drift could play a crucial part in the evolution of an organism. It's not the only method for evolution. The main alternative is to use a process known as natural selection, in which the phenotypic variation of the population is maintained through mutation and migration.

Stephens asserts that there is a big difference between treating drift as a force or as an underlying cause, and considering other causes of evolution such as mutation, selection and migration as causes or causes. He claims that a causal-process model of drift allows us to distinguish it from other forces and that this differentiation is crucial. He also argues that drift is both a direction, i.e., it tends to reduce heterozygosity. It also has a size which is determined based on population size.

Evolution through Lamarckism

Biology students in high school are frequently introduced to Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution is generally referred to as "Lamarckism" and it states that simple organisms develop into more complex organisms via the inheritance of characteristics which result from the natural activities of an organism usage, use and disuse. Lamarckism is typically illustrated by a picture of a giraffe stretching its neck longer to reach higher up in the trees. This process would cause giraffes to pass on their longer necks to their offspring, which then get taller.

Lamarck was a French zoologist and, in his opening lecture for his course on invertebrate zoology held at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on the 17th of May in 1802, he introduced an innovative concept that completely challenged previous thinking about organic transformation. According to Lamarck, living creatures evolved from inanimate material by a series of gradual steps. Lamarck wasn't the only one to suggest this, but he was widely thought of as the first to give the subject a comprehensive and general treatment.

The dominant story is that Charles Darwin's theory on evolution by natural selection and Lamarckism fought during the 19th century. Darwinism eventually won and led to the development of what biologists refer to as the Modern Synthesis. This theory denies that traits acquired through evolution can be inherited and instead argues that organisms evolve by the symbiosis of environmental factors, including natural selection.

While Lamarck believed in the concept of inheritance by acquired characters, and his contemporaries also offered a few words about this idea however, it was not a central element in any of their evolutionary theories. This is partly due to the fact that it was never tested scientifically.

It's been over 200 years since the birth of Lamarck and in the field of age genomics, there is a growing evidence-based body of evidence to support the heritability of acquired traits. This is also referred to as "neo Lamarckism", or more often epigenetic inheritance. It is a form of evolution that is just as valid as the more well-known neo-Darwinian model.

Evolution by adaptation

One of the most commonly-held misconceptions about evolution is being driven by a struggle for survival.  무료에볼루션  is a false assumption and ignores other forces driving evolution. The struggle for existence is more accurately described as a struggle to survive in a specific environment. This can include not only other organisms but also the physical surroundings themselves.

Understanding adaptation is important to understand evolution. Adaptation is any feature that allows a living organism to survive in its environment and reproduce. It can be a physical feature, like feathers or fur. It could also be a behavior trait, like moving into the shade during hot weather or moving out to avoid the cold at night.

An organism's survival depends on its ability to extract energy from the surrounding environment and interact with other organisms and their physical environments. The organism must possess the right genes to produce offspring and to be able to access sufficient food and resources. The organism must also be able reproduce at the rate that is suitable for its specific niche.

These factors, in conjunction with gene flow and mutations can result in an alteration in the ratio of different alleles within the gene pool of a population. Over time, this change in allele frequency can result in the emergence of new traits and eventually new species.

Many of the features that we admire in animals and plants are adaptations, for example, lungs or gills to extract oxygen from the air, feathers or fur to protect themselves, long legs for running away from predators, and camouflage to hide. However, a thorough understanding of adaptation requires paying attention to the distinction between physiological and behavioral characteristics.

Physical traits such as the thick fur and gills are physical characteristics. The behavioral adaptations aren't like the tendency of animals to seek companionship or to retreat into the shade during hot weather. Furthermore it is important to remember that a lack of forethought does not mean that something is an adaptation. Inability to think about the consequences of a decision even if it appears to be rational, could make it inflexible.